There are many issues to deal with in macro and abstract photography, but none is as important as the equipment you choose. In this case, the lens you choose will be the most important decision you will face. Macro photography is producing images that are life size or larger. Macro and Macro-zoom lenses are specifically designed to achieve optimum performance when getting up close to a subject. Just as important as lens selection, is the use of a sturdy tri-pod when photographing a close subject.
The main goal to achieve in macro photography is absolute sharp focus on the foreground. Use of your tri-pod will help prevent hand held camera shifts and in windy conditions to prevent blurring and achieve that sharp foreground. Because you are dealing with a very shallow depth of field, it is imperative to focus on the closest portion or point of your subject in the foreground. Remember, make your subject stand out from the background.
A zoom lens allows for a verity of focal lengths within the same lens. You can achieve a short focal length by zooming in, or a long focal length by zooming out. Zoom lenses are best used where ample light is available, due to their relatively small aperture. A macro lens allows the photographer to get very close, so as to capture the volume and texture of the subject. When operating this close to your subject, be careful not to cast unwanted shadows on to your subject. Fisheye lenses are capable of very wide-angle views, some as much as 180 degrees. Objects on the edge of a fisheye lens tend to be distorted more than the objects in the center.
Remember that depth of field is shallow in macro photography; so at very close focusing distances, only an inch or less of depth may be in sharp focus in your scene. Accurate focusing is essential. Smaller apertures may help increase depth of field, but come at the cost of a longer time exposure. Additional lighting can be achieve through fill-flash, or adding natural light with a reflector.
For further detailed reading on this subject, I suggest any of the many books and videos available for check out in our local public libraries.